Home Page for Parvalbumin

Parvalbumin

Primary information about parvalbumin:
Basic chemical and physical information	Basic biological information	Basic genomic information	Metal ion binding constants	Interspecies sequence alignment	Information on function
Summary of structural studies	Information on the conformational change	List of available structures	Information about mutations	References about parvalbumin	Other web resources about parvalbumin
Additional information about parvalbumin:
Information about the evolutionary relationship of parvalbumin to other proteins

Basic Information

Basic Chemical and Physical Information:
Additional names and abbreviations:	parvalbumin: oncomodulin (mammalian beta lineage parvalbumin)
Isoforms:	alpha lineage beta lineage beta lineage isoform 1 beta lineage isoform 2
Yeast Protein Database Entries:	No links to the YPD are stored in the database

Number of amino acids:	alpha lineage: 95 (Cavia porcellus) - 111 (Latimeria chalumnae) beta lineage: 106 (Leuciscus cephalus) - 113 (Gadus callarias) beta lineage isoform 1: 109 (all species) beta lineage isoform 2: 108 (all species) View a list of all sources stored in the database
Molecular weight:	alpha lineage: 10.545 kD (Cavia porcellus) - 12.21 kD (Felis silvestris catus) beta lineage: 11.263 kD (Leuciscus cephalus) - 12.129 kD (Mus musculus) beta lineage isoform 1: 11.888 kD (all species) beta lineage isoform 2: 11.523 kD (all species) View a list of all sources stored in the database
pI:	not yet available in the data library
Number of functional calcium binding sites:	beta lineage, Cyprinus carpio: 2 (InfoCard)
Macroscopic calcium binding constants:	beta lineage, Cyprinus carpio, medium salt: K₁ = 2.7 x 10⁹; K₂ = 2.7 x 10⁹ (measured by: equilibrium dialysis pH: 7.4 temperature: 25 degrees Celsius salt: 80 mM KCl buffer: 0.025 M Tris-HCl, 1e-04 M dithiothreitol ) (InfoCard)
Other metal binding constants:	Mg: beta lineage, Cyprinus carpio, medium salt: K₁ = 9.50 x 10⁴; K₂ = 9.50 x 10⁴ (measured by: equilibrium dialysis pH: 7.4 temperature: 25 degrees Celsius salt: 80 mM KCl buffer: 0.025 M Tris-HCl, 1e-04 M dithiothreitol ) (InfoCard) Mg: beta lineage, Rattus norvegicus, high salt: K₁ = 4.00 x 10³ (measured by: flow dialysis pH: 7.5 temperature: 25 degrees Celsius salt: 150 mM NaCl buffer: 0.02 M Tris-HCl, 0.001 M dithiothreitol ) (InfoCard)
Protein stability:	not yet available in the data library
Post-translational modifications:	not yet available in the data library

Basic Biological Information:
Source organisms:	alpha lineage: Amphiuma means, Cyprinus carpio, Felis silvestris catus, Gerbillus sp, Cavia porcellus, Homo sapiens, Latimeria chalumnae, Triakis semifasciata, Macaca fuscata fuscata, Mus musculus, Esox lucius, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Raja clavata, Rana catesbeiana, Rana esculenta, Rattus norvegicus beta lineage: Amphiuma means, Gadus callarias, Boa constrictor, Cyprinus carpio, Merluccius merluccius, Cavia porcellus, Homo sapiens, Latimeria chalumnae, Leuciscus cephalus, Graptemys geographica, Mus musculus, Esox lucius, Rana esculenta, Rattus norvegicus, Merluccius bilinearis, Opsanus tau, Merlangius merlangus, Xenopus laevis beta lineage isoform 1: Salmo salar beta lineage isoform 2: Salmo salar View an annotated list of all sources stored in the database
Tissues:	alpha lineage, Rattus norvegicus: brain (InfoCard) alpha lineage, Rattus norvegicus: heart (InfoCard) alpha lineage, Rattus norvegicus: lung (InfoCard) alpha lineage, Rattus norvegicus: liver (InfoCard) alpha lineage, Rattus norvegicus: spleen (InfoCard) alpha lineage, Rattus norvegicus: kidney (InfoCard) alpha lineage, Rattus norvegicus: intestine (InfoCard) alpha lineage, Rattus norvegicus: bladder (InfoCard) alpha lineage, Rattus norvegicus: adrenal gland (InfoCard) alpha lineage, Rattus norvegicus: testis (InfoCard) alpha lineage, Rattus norvegicus: adipose tissue (InfoCard) alpha lineage, Rattus norvegicus: xiphoid tissue (InfoCard) alpha lineage, Rattus norvegicus: muscle (InfoCard)
Subcellular localization:	not yet available in the data library
Regulation:	not yet available in the data library

Genomic Information:
GenBank entries:	View a list of GenBank entries stored in the database
Gene length:	not yet available in the data library
Gene structure:	not yet available in the data library
Promoter:	not yet available in the data library
Gene copies:	not yet available in the data library
Alleles:	no alleles are currently stored in the data library
Chromosomal localization:	alpha lineage, Homo sapiens, expressed (GenBank code X63578): q12.q13.1 region of chromosome 22 (InfoCard) alpha lineage, Mus musculus, expressed (GenBank code X54613): sub-band E region of chromosome 15 (InfoCard) beta lineage, Homo sapiens, expressed (GenBank code SEG_HUMOMDLN0): p11-p13 region of chromosome 7 (InfoCard) beta lineage, Mus musculus, expressed (GenBank code S51655): sub-band G1-3 region of chromosome 5 (InfoCard)

Interspecies Sequence Alignment




                                                    |-helixI-|
                                                     En**nn**n

PIKE    :    AKDLLKADDIKKALDAVKAEGSFNHKKFFALVGLKAMSANDVKKVFKAI
HUMAN   :   SMTDLLNAEDIKKAVGAFSATDSFDHKKFFQMVGLKKKSADDVKKVFHML
LATCH   : TKKMSEILKAEDIDKALNTFKEAGSFDHHKFFNLVGLKGKPDDTLKEVFGIL
MOUSE   :   SMTDVLSAEDIKKAIGAFAAADSFDHKKFFQMVGLKKKNPDEVKKVFHIL
RABBIT  :   AMTELLNAEDIKKAIGAFAAAESFDHKKFFQMVGLKKKSTEDVKKVFHIL


         |--loop1----|helixII|         |helixIII|--loop2----|
          X*Y*ZG#Ix**zn**nn*n           En**nn**nX*Y*ZG#Ix**z 

PIKE    : DADASGFIEEEELKFVLKSFAADGRDLTDAETKAFLKAADKDGDGKIGIDE
HUMAN   : DKDKSGFIEEDELGFILKGFSPDARDLSAKETKMLMAAGDKDGDGKIGVDE
LATCH   : DQDKSGYIEEEELKFVLKGFAAGGRELTANETKALLKAGDQDGDDKIGVDE
MOUSE   : DKDKSGFIEEDELGSILKGFSSDARDLSAKETKTLLAAGDKDGDGKIGVDE
RABBIT  : DKDKSGFIEEEELGFILKGFSPDARDLSVKETKTLMAAGDKDGDGKIGADE

         |helixIV|
          n**nn*n

PIKE    : FETLVHEA 
HUMAN   : FSTLVAES
LATCH   : FTNLVKAA
MOUSE   : FSTLVAET 
RABBIT  : FSTLVSES

Sequence alignment of the entire parvalbumin subfamily

Functional Information:

General information:

no general functional information is currently stored in the database

Biological roles:

relaxation of muscle after contraction: may terminate contraction by soaking up free calcium in the cell
biochemical evidence in Xenopus laevis: Experiments with single muscle fibers indicate a positive correlation between the rate of relaxation and the concentration of parvalbumin (InfoCard)
genetic evidence in Rattus norvegicus: Transfection of muscle cells with the cDNA for wildtpye parvalbumin significantly reduced the half-relaxation time for muscle twitch, while transfection with the cDNA for a mutant parvalbumin unable to bind calcium had not effect on the half-relaxation time. (InfoCard)
calcium-induced cell damage: hypothesized to protect non-muscle cells, particularly neurons, from this event
evidence in : This hypothesis does not currently have much direct experimental evidence (InfoCard)

Disease states:

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
immunocytochemical or immunohistochemical evidence : Parvalbumin immunoreactivity is specifically absent from neuron poplulations lost early in ALS (InfoCard)

Target molecules:

not yet available in the data library

Structural Information:

Calcium-coordination:
not yet available in the data library

Nature of the conformational changes:
not yet available in the data library

Secondary structure: (as reported in the PDB file and its accompanying reference)
not yet available in the data library

Additional structural information:
View a table of interhelical angles from various structures

Available structures: (follow the links from the PDB code to the retrieve the PDB files)
Calcium Loaded Structures:	2PAS: alpha lineage, Esox lucius, full length protein, pH 4.3 NMR solution structure, 9 models, 10.88 restraints per residue 2 Ca ions bound (InfoCard) 1RTP: alpha lineage, Rattus norvegicus, full length protein, pH 4.9 Crystal structure, 2 angstrom resolution, R-value = 18.1 2 Ca ions bound (InfoCard) 5PAL: alpha lineage, Triakis semifasciata, full length protein, pH 5.6 Crystal structure, 1.54 angstrom resolution, R-value = 17.3 2 Ca ions bound (InfoCard) 1PVA: alpha lineage, Esox lucius, full length protein, Crystal structure, 1.65 angstrom resolution, R-value = 19.6 2 Ca ions bound (InfoCard) 1PAL: beta lineage, Esox lucius, full length protein, Crystal structure, 1.65 angstrom resolution, R-value = 19.7 2 Ca ions bound (InfoCard) 3PAL: beta lineage, Esox lucius, full length protein, Crystal structure, 2.4 angstrom resolution, R-value = 16.7 2 Ca ions bound 1 Mg ion bound (InfoCard) 1PVB: beta lineage, Esox lucius, full length protein, Crystal structure, 1.75 angstrom resolution, R-value = 16.8 1 Mg ion bound (InfoCard) 4CPV: beta lineage, Cyprinus carpio, full length protein, pH 6.56 Crystal structure, 1.5 angstrom resolution, R-value = 21.5 2 Ca ions bound (InfoCard) 5CPV: beta lineage, Cyprinus carpio, full length protein, Crystal structure, 1.6 angstrom resolution, R-value = 18.7 2 Ca ions bound (InfoCard) 1RRO: beta lineage, Rattus norvegicus, full length protein, Crystal structure, 1.3 angstrom resolution, R-value = 16.9 2 Ca ions bound (InfoCard) 1OMD: beta lineage, Rattus norvegicus, full length protein, Crystal structure, 1.85 angstrom resolution, R-value = 16.6 2 Ca ions bound (InfoCard)
Other Metal Bound Structures:	0CPT: alpha lineage, Opsanus tau, full length protein, Crystal structure, 3.2 angstrom resolution, R-value = 26 2 Tb ions bound (InfoCard) 2PAL: beta lineage, Esox lucius, full length protein, Crystal structure, 1.8 angstrom resolution, R-value = 17.2 3 Mn ions bound (InfoCard) 4PAL: beta lineage, Esox lucius, full length protein, Crystal structure, 1.8 angstrom resolution, R-value = 18 1 Ca ion bound 1 Mg ion bound (InfoCard) 1CDP: beta lineage, Cyprinus carpio, full length protein, Crystal structure, 1.6 angstrom resolution, R-value = 16.4 2 Ca ions bound (InfoCard)

Information about mutants:

no mutants are currently stored in the database